PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Mammal Paleogene Zones		European Faunal Zones	European Faunal Units	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian				Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian								MN 17			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene				MN 16	Villanyian	Yushean	2.58
										MN 16	Ruscinian		3.1 *
										MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene				MN 15			3.6
										MN 14			4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Hemphillian			MN 14			4.7
										MN 13		Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene				MN 13	Turolian		5.333
		Tortonian								MN 12			7.246
										MN 11			7.75
										MN 10	Vallesian		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian			MN 10			9.4
										MN 9			9.7
										MN 7 + 8		Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene					Astaracian		11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Barstovian						12.5
										MN 6			12.8 *
		Langhian								MN 5		Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene				MN 4	Orleanian		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Hemingfordian			MN 4			16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Hemingfordian			MN 3		Xiejiaan	16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			Arikareean			MN 3			18.5
										MN 2	Agenian		20
		Aquitanian								MN 2			20.44
		Aquitanian								MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene		MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25				23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian		Early Oligocene		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21					27.82
							Whitneyan						29.5
							Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene	Chadronian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A					33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene	Duchesnean	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A					37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	MP 16					37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan	MP 16					39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11					41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11					46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene	Bridgerian	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7					47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Wasatchian						50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	MP 6	MP 1 - 5				56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	MP 6					56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene	Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene	Puercan						63.8
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