PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.21
										Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene							0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
										Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene				Mangapanian	Villanyian		2.58
										Waipipian	Villanyian		3
											Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene							3.6
										Opoitian			3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							Opoitian		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene			Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian		5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
											Vallesian		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Clarendonian	9.4
									Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene					Astaracian		11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
										Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian			13.82
										Clifdenian			15.1
									Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene					Orleanian		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
										Otaian			18.7
											Agenian		20
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
										Duntroonian			25.2
										Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene	Kekeamuan						27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Chadronian	33.9
									Arnold	Runangan			34.6
										Kaiatan			36.7
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
										Bortonian			39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
										Heretaungan			45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene		Bumbanian					47.8
										Mangaorapan			48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Mangaorapan		Wasatchian	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Waipawan		Wasatchian	52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Waipawan		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene	Gashatan			Teurian		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene	Gashatan					Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene						Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene						Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian								Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian								Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
										Mangaotanean			90.5
										Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian								Arowhanan			93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
										Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Motuan			100.5
										Urutawan			103.3
									Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian								Korangan			113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
													145