PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6	0
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene			0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene	Villanyian		2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene	Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Early Pliocene			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene	Turolian		5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian		7.246
							Vallesian		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Vallesian		9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Middle Miocene	Astaracian	Cenozoic 5	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene	Orleanian		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
							Agenian		20
		Aquitanian					Agenian		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene		Cenozoic 4	23.03
				Monroecreekian					23.1 *
				Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian		Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene		Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene			37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene			37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan					Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene			47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene		Cenozoic 1	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene			56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene			60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian						Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian						Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4	100.5
		Aptian						Cretaceous 3	113
		Barremian						Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian						Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian						Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian						Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian						Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian						Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian						Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian						Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian						Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian						Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian						Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian						Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian						Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian						Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian						Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian						Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean					Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
									538.8