PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1032 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages	Mammal Paleogene Zones		South American Land Mammal Ages		Central Paratethys Stages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran	Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene						Lujanian			Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene			Rancholabrean							0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan						Irvingtonian							0.21
												Ensenadan				0.3 *
								Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene										0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian						Blancan							1.4
								Nukumaruan								1.63
												Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian														1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene						Vorohuean			Yushean	2.58
												Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
								Waipipian								3
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene		Waipipian								3.6
								Opoitian				Montehermosan				3.7 *
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Hemphillian			Montehermosan				4.7
												Huayquerian			Baodean	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian												Pannonian		7.246
												Chasicoan				7.9 *
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Clarendonian			Chasicoan				9.4
												Mayoan				9.9 *
												Laventan				10.9 *
							Southland	Waiauan								11.04
															Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene								Sarmatian		11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						Barstovian					Sarmatian		12.5
														Badenian		12.8 *
								Lillburnian								13.05
												Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian													Shanwangian	13.82
								Clifdenian								15.1
								Clifdenian				Friasian				15.4 *
							Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene										15.98
												Santacrucian				16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						Hemingfordian							16.3
															Xiejiaan	16.9
												Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					Arikareean							18.5
								Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian														20.44
												Deseadan				20.9 *
							Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25					23.03
				Monroecreekian												23.1 *
				Geringian												24.7 *
								Duntroonian								25.2
								Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21						27.82
												Tinguirirican				28.9 *
									Whitneyan							29.5
									Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene			Chadronian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A						33.9
							Arnold	Runangan								34.6
								Runangan				Divisaderan				35.9 *
								Kaiatan								36.7
					Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene			MP 16	37.71
								Bortonian		39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan		Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian							MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11	41.2
										Mustersan		41.9 *
							Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
								Heretaungan				45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian		Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene			MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			47.8
										Casamayoran		47.9 *
								Mangaorapan				48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Wasatchian			Mangaorapan				50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Wasatchian			Waipawan				52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Waipawan				Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene		Teurian	MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Riochican	Clarkforkian				56
					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Riochican	Tiffanian				56.2
											Itaboraian		56.9 *
											Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene							61.6
											Tiupampan		62.4 *
					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						Tiupampan	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian					66
		Campanian						Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
								Mangaotanean					90.5
								Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan					93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
								Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan					100.5
								Urutawan					103.3
							Taitai	Korangan					108.4
		Aptian						Korangan					113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
																145