PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

Show less time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ten Million Year Bins	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6		0
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene			0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene		Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene		Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Early Pliocene			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene		Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian						Turolian	7.246
								Vallesian	8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Vallesian	9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Middle Miocene	Cenozoic 5	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene		Orleanian	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
								Agenian	20
		Aquitanian						Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene	Cenozoic 4		23.03
				Monroecreekian					23.1 *
				Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian		Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene	Cenozoic 3		33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene			37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene			37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Cenozoic 2		41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene			47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene	Cenozoic 1		56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene			56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene			60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene			63.8
									66