PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Zones	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6	Wanganui	Haweran				Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.21
								Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
								Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan			MN 17		1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian			MN 17		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian			MN 16		2.58
								Waipipian			MN 16		3
											MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean											3.6
								Opoitian					3.7
											MN 14		4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								MN 14	Hemphillian	4.7
											MN 13		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian									MN 12		7.246
											MN 11		7.75
											MN 10		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								MN 10	Clarendonian	9.4
											MN 9		9.7
							Southland	Waiauan			MN 9		11.04
											MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5							11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
											MN 6		12.8 *
								Lillburnian			MN 6		13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian			MN 5		13.82
								Clifdenian					15.1
							Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian									MN 4		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								MN 4	Hemingfordian	16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								MN 3	Hemingfordian	16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
								Otaian					18.7
											MN 2		20
		Aquitanian											20.44
							Landon	Waitakian					21.7
											MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
								Duntroonian					25.2
								Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan				27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Cenozoic 3			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Chadronian	33.9
							Arnold	Runangan					34.6
								Kaiatan					36.7
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
								Bortonian					39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2							41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
					Heretaungan			45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian		47.8
					Mangaorapan							48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Mangaorapan			Wasatchian				50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Waipawan			Wasatchian				52
					Waipawan			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1	Teurian		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan			Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1				Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						To3/To2/To1				Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8	Mata	Haumurian					66
		Campanian				Cretaceous 7		Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian				Cretaceous 6		Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
								Mangaotanean					90.5
								Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5		Arowhanan					93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
								Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4		Motuan					100.5
								Urutawan					103.3
							Taitai	Korangan					108.4
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3		Korangan					113
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3							117.5
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2							125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian				Cretaceous 1							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6							145
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5							149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian				Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian				Jurassic 4							168.2
		Aalenian				Jurassic 3							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Jurassic 3							174.7
		Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2							184.2
		Sinemurian				Jurassic 1							192.9
		Hettangian				Jurassic 1							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian				Triassic 4							208.5
		Carnian				Triassic 3							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Triassic 1					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7	Devonian 3
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
													538.8