PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6	Wanganui	Haweran					Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan										Irvingtonian	0.21
								Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian												0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian										Blancan	1.4
								Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian		Tertiary †				2.58
		Piacenzian						Waipipian						3
		Zanclean						Waipipian						3.6
								Opoitian						3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Opoitian					Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian							Pannonian					7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										Clarendonian	9.4
							Southland	Waiauan						11.04
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5			Sarmatian					11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						Sarmatian				Barstovian	12.5
									Badenian					12.8 *
								Lillburnian	Badenian					13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian						13.82
								Clifdenian						15.1
							Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian												15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									Arikareean	18.5
								Otaian						18.7
		Aquitanian						Otaian						20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4								23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
								Duntroonian						25.2
								Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Cenozoic 3							Chadronian	33.9
							Arnold	Runangan						34.6
								Kaiatan						36.7
													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian												37.71
								Bortonian						39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2								41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
								Heretaungan						45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian												47.8
								Mangaorapan						48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Mangaorapan					Wasatchian	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Waipawan					Wasatchian	52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Waipawan					Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Cenozoic 1		Teurian					Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1						Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8	Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian				Cretaceous 7		Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian				Cretaceous 6		Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
								Mangaotanean				90.5
								Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5		Arowhanan				93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
								Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4		Motuan				100.5
								Urutawan				103.3
							Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3		Korangan				113
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3						117.5
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2						121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2						125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1						132.6
		Berriasian				Cretaceous 1						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6						145
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5						149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian				Jurassic 4						165.3
		Bajocian				Jurassic 4			168.2
		Aalenian				Jurassic 3			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Jurassic 3			174.7
		Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2			184.2
		Sinemurian				Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian				Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian				Triassic 4			208.5
		Carnian				Triassic 3			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				Triassic 2			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Triassic 1			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian				Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian				Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian				Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean				Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7			Devonian 3
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
														538.8