PBDB Timescale

North American Land Mammal Ages

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 7507 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	European Faunal Units	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean		Late Pleistocene				0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean		Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian		Middle Pleistocene				0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian		Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian	Late Pliocene	Tertiary †			2.58
		Piacenzian		Ruscinian	Late Pliocene				3.1 *
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian		Early Pliocene				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Turolian	Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian		Turolian					7.246
				Vallesian					8.7
			Clarendonian	Vallesian					9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian	Astaracian	Middle Miocene				11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian		Orleanian	Early Miocene				15.98
			Hemingfordian						16.3
			Arikareean						18.5
				Agenian					20
		Aquitanian		Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene				23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene				27.82
			Whitneyan						29.5
			Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian		Late Eocene				33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean		Late Eocene				37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean		Middle Eocene				37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian		Early Eocene				47.8
			Wasatchian						50.5
			Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian		Late Paleocene				56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian		Late Paleocene				56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian		Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian		Middle Paleocene				60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian		Early Paleocene				61.6
		Danian	Puercan		Early Paleocene				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
									509