PBDB Timescale

North American Land Mammal Ages

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 7507 collections

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene				0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian	Middle Pleistocene				0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian	Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene	Tertiary †			2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian	Early Pliocene				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian						7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian	Middle Miocene				11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian						13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene				15.98
			Hemingfordian					16.3
			Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene				23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene				27.82
			Whitneyan					29.5
			Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Late Eocene				33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean	Late Eocene				37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean	Middle Eocene				37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian	Early Eocene				47.8
			Wasatchian					50.5
			Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene				56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian	Late Paleocene				56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene				60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian	Early Paleocene				61.6
		Danian	Puercan	Early Paleocene				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			509
	Series 2	Stage 3			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
								538.8