PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 7 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 269 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian	Lujanian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Tarantian					Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Ionian					Rancholabrean	0.129
								Irvingtonian	0.21
				Ensenadan					0.3 *
							Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian							0.774
								Blancan	1.4
							Nukumaruan		1.63
				Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian							1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean					2.58
				Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
							Waipipian		3
		Zanclean					Waipipian		3.6
				Montehermosan			Opoitian		3.7 *
				Montehermosan				Hemphillian	4.7
				Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian							7.246
				Chasicoan					7.9 *
				Chasicoan				Clarendonian	9.4
				Mayoan					9.9 *
				Laventan					10.9 *
						Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian							11.63
								Barstovian	12.5
							Lillburnian		13.05
				Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian							13.82
							Clifdenian		15.1
				Friasian			Clifdenian		15.4 *
						Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian							15.98
				Santacrucian					16.2 *
				Santacrucian				Hemingfordian	16.3
				Colhuehuapian				Hemingfordian	17.4 *
								Arikareean	18.5
							Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian							20.44
				Deseadan					20.9 *
						Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian		23.03
							Duntroonian		25.2
							Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian							27.82
				Tinguirirican					28.9 *
								Whitneyan	29.5
								Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian	33.9
						Arnold	Runangan		34.6
				Divisaderan			Runangan		35.9 *
							Kaiatan		36.7
								Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							37.71
							Bortonian		39.1
								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian							41.2
				Mustersan					41.9 *
						Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
							Heretaungan		45.7
								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian							47.8
				Casamayoran					47.9 *
							Mangaorapan		48.9
							Mangaorapan	Wasatchian	50.5
							Waipawan	Wasatchian	52
							Waipawan	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican	Teurian			56	Clarkforkian
			Riochican				Tiffanian	56.2
			Itaboraian					56.9 *
			Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian						59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						61.6
			Tiupampan		62.4 *
			Tiupampan		Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian			Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian			Korangan		113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
									145