PBDB Timescale

European Faunal Units

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 10 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 612 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6	0
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian		Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian		Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Chibanian		Ensenadan		Middle Pleistocene			0.3 *
		Calabrian		Ensenadan		Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Calabrian		Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian	Vorohuean		Late Pliocene			2.58
			Villanyian	Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
			Ruscinian						3.1 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene			3.6
				Montehermosan					3.7 *
				Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian			Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian					Pannonian		7.246
				Chasicoan					7.9 *
			Vallesian	Chasicoan					8.7
				Mayoan					9.9 *
				Laventan					10.9 *
		Serravallian	Astaracian			Middle Miocene	Sarmatian	Cenozoic 5	11.63
							Badenian		12.8 *
				Colloncuran			Badenian		13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian		Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Orleanian	Friasian		Early Miocene			15.98
				Santacrucian					16.2 *
				Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
			Agenian						20
		Aquitanian							20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene		Cenozoic 4	23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican		Early Oligocene			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian		Tinguirirican		Late Eocene		Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian		Divisaderan		Late Eocene			35.9 *
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian		Mustersan					41.9 *
		Ypresian		Mustersan		Early Eocene			47.8
		Ypresian		Casamayoran		Early Eocene			47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican		Late Paleocene		Cenozoic 1	56
				Itaboraian					56.9 *
				Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan		Early Paleocene			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian						Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian						Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4	100.5
		Aptian						Cretaceous 3	113
		Barremian						Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian						Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian						Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian						Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian						Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian						Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian						Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian						Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian						Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian						Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian						Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Triassic 2			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			Triassic 2			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Triassic 1			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Triassic 1			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
									538.8