PBDB Timescale

European Faunal Units

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

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Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 612 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian				0.0042
		Greenlandian				0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian	Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian	Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian		Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian		Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian	Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian		Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian			7.246
			Vallesian			8.7
			Vallesian	Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian	Astaracian	Clarendonian	Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian				13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian		Early Miocene	15.98
				Hemingfordian		16.3
				Arikareean		18.5
			Agenian			20
		Aquitanian	Agenian			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene	27.82
				Whitneyan		29.5
				Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian	Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean	Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean	Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian	Early Eocene	47.8
				Wasatchian		50.5
				Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian	Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian	Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian		Puercan	Early Paleocene	63.8
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