PBDB Timescale

Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 16 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1251 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	European Faunal Zones	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran							Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian		Tarantian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Tarantian				Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian					Ionian				Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene	0.129
											Irvingtonian		0.21
					Ensenadan								0.3 *
				Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene	0.774
											Blancan		1.4
				Nukumaruan									1.63
					Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian						MN 17					1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian				MN 17					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean			MN 16				Late Pliocene	2.58
					Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
				Waipipian									3
								MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene	3.6
				Opoitian	Montehermosan								3.7 *
								MN 14					4.2
								MN 14			Hemphillian		4.7
					Huayquerian			MN 13					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean								Late Miocene	5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian						MN 12					7.246
								MN 11					7.75
					Chasicoan			MN 11					7.9 *
								MN 10					8.7
								MN 10			Clarendonian		9.4
								MN 9					9.7
					Mayoan								9.9 *
					Laventan								10.9 *
			Southland	Waiauan									11.04
								MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene	11.63
											Barstovian		12.5
								MN 6					12.8 *
				Lillburnian									13.05
					Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian						MN 5					13.82
				Clifdenian									15.1
				Clifdenian	Friasian								15.4 *
			Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian						MN 4				Early Miocene	15.98
					Santacrucian								16.2 *
											Hemingfordian		16.3
								MN 3					16.9
					Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
											Arikareean		18.5
				Otaian									18.7
								MN 2					20
		Aquitanian											20.44
					Deseadan								20.9 *
			Landon	Waitakian									21.7
								MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		Late Oligocene	23.03
				Duntroonian									25.2
				Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan			Early Oligocene	27.82
					Tinguirirican								28.9 *
											Whitneyan		29.5
											Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian	Late Eocene	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan									34.6
				Runangan	Divisaderan								35.9 *
				Kaiatan									36.7
											Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bortonian									39.1
											Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
					Mustersan		41.9 *
			Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
				Heretaungan			45.7
							Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
					Casamayoran							47.9 *
				Mangaorapan								48.9
				Mangaorapan		Wasatchian	50.5
				Waipawan		Wasatchian	52
				Waipawan		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Riochican	Clarkforkian	Gashatan			Late Paleocene	56
					Riochican	Tiffanian					56.2
					Itaboraian						56.9 *
					Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian				Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian								Early Paleocene	61.6
					Tiupampan						62.4 *
					Tiupampan	Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian		Haumurian							72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan							83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
				Mangaotanean							90.5
				Arowhanan							93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan							93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
				Motuan							99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan							100.5
				Urutawan							103.3
			Taitai	Korangan							108.4
		Aptian		Korangan							113
		Aptian									117.5
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
													145