PBDB Timescale

Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 16 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1251 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran										0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian	Sheridanian			Lujanian				Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian			Ionian	Sheridanian							Middle Pleistocene	0.129
						Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
									Ensenadan					0.3 *
				Castlecliffian										0.34
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene	0.774
						Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
				Nukumaruan										1.63
									Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian												1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian										2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean				Late Pliocene	2.58
									Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
				Waipipian										3
		Zanclean		Waipipian									Early Pliocene	3.6
				Opoitian					Montehermosan					3.7 *
						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan					4.7
									Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean									Late Miocene	5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
									Chasicoan					7.9 *
						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Chasicoan					9.4
									Mayoan					9.9 *
									Laventan					10.9 *
			Southland	Waiauan										11.04
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene	11.63
						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
				Lillburnian										13.05
									Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian												13.82
				Clifdenian										15.1
				Clifdenian					Friasian					15.4 *
			Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
									Santacrucian					16.2 *
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Santacrucian					16.3
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
				Otaian										18.7
		Aquitanian												20.44
									Deseadan					20.9 *
			Landon	Waitakian										21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
							Monroecreekian							23.1 *
							Geringian							24.7 *
				Duntroonian										25.2
				Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian									Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
									Tinguirirican					28.9 *
														29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan										34.6
				Runangan					Divisaderan					35.9 *
				Kaiatan										36.7
														37
		Bartonian									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bortonian										39.1
						Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
									Mustersan					41.9 *
			Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
				Heretaungan				45.7
						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian		46.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian				Early Eocene	47.8
									Casamayoran				47.9 *
				Mangaorapan									48.9
				Mangaorapan		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
				Waipawan		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							52
				Waipawan		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Riochican	Gashatan			Late Paleocene	56
						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Riochican					56.2
								Itaboraian					56.9 *
								Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1						Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian								Early Paleocene		61.6
								Tiupampan				62.4 *
						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Tiupampan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian								Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian		Haumurian								Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan									83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan									86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
				Mangaotanean									90.5
				Arowhanan									93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan									93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
				Motuan									99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan									100.5
				Urutawan									103.3
			Taitai	Korangan									108.4
		Aptian		Korangan									113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
														145