PBDB Timescale

Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 16 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1251 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran								0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene	Lujanian		Tarantian	Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene			Ionian	Sheridanian			0.129
									Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
						Ensenadan						0.3 *
				Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene							0.774
									Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
				Nukumaruan								1.63
						Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian										1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene	Vorohuean						2.58
						Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
				Waipipian								3
		Zanclean		Waipipian	Early Pliocene							3.6
				Opoitian		Montehermosan						3.7 *
						Montehermosan			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
						Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene							5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
						Chasicoan						7.9 *
						Chasicoan			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
						Mayoan						9.9 *
						Laventan						10.9 *
			Southland	Waiauan								11.04
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene							11.63
									late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
				Lillburnian								13.05
						Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian										13.82
				Clifdenian								15.1
				Clifdenian		Friasian						15.4 *
			Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene							15.98
						Santacrucian						16.2 *
						Santacrucian			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
						Colhuehuapian			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			17.4 *
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
				Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian										20.44
						Deseadan						20.9 *
			Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene							23.03
										Monroecreekian		23.1 *
										Geringian		24.7 *
				Duntroonian								25.2
				Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene							27.82
						Tinguirirican						28.9 *
												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
			Arnold	Runangan								34.6
				Runangan		Divisaderan						35.9 *
				Kaiatan								36.7
												37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene							37.71
				Bortonian								39.1
									Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
						Mustersan						41.9 *
			Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
				Heretaungan							45.7
									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian		46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene						47.8
						Casamayoran					47.9 *
				Mangaorapan							48.9
				Mangaorapan					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		50.5
				Waipawan					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		52
				Waipawan					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Late Paleocene	Riochican			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
						Riochican			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
						Itaboraian					56.9 *
						Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene				To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene		61.6
						Tiupampan	62.4 *
						Tiupampan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian					Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian					Judithian/Aquilan		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan							83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
				Mangaotanean							90.5
				Arowhanan							93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan							93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
				Motuan							99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan							100.5
				Urutawan							103.3
			Taitai	Korangan							108.4
		Aptian		Korangan							113
		Aptian									117.5
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
												145