PBDB Timescale

Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 16 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1251 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ten Million Year Bins	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran						Cenozoic 6			0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian				Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian					Sheridanian						0.129
							Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
											Ensenadan		0.3 *
				Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
							Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Nukumaruan									1.63
											Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian											1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Vorohuean		2.58
											Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
				Waipipian									3
		Zanclean		Waipipian									3.6
				Opoitian							Montehermosan		3.7 *
							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Montehermosan		4.7
											Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
											Chasicoan		7.9 *
							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Chasicoan		9.4
											Mayoan		9.9 *
											Laventan		10.9 *
			Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian								Cenozoic 5			11.63
							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Lillburnian									13.05
											Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian											13.82
				Clifdenian									15.1
				Clifdenian							Friasian		15.4 *
			Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
											Santacrucian		16.2 *
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Santacrucian		16.3
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian											20.44
											Deseadan		20.9 *
			Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Cenozoic 4			23.03
								Monroecreekian					23.1 *
								Geringian					24.7 *
				Duntroonian									25.2
				Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
											Tinguirirican		28.9 *
													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Cenozoic 3			33.9
			Arnold	Runangan									34.6
				Runangan							Divisaderan		35.9 *
				Kaiatan									36.7
													37
		Bartonian											37.71
				Bortonian									39.1
							Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian								Cenozoic 2			41.2
											Mustersan		41.9 *
			Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
				Heretaungan	45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian	46.2
		Ypresian				47.8
						Casamayoran	47.9 *
				Mangaorapan			48.9
				Mangaorapan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		50.5
				Waipawan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		52
				Waipawan			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian		Cenozoic 1	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Riochican	56
							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Riochican	56.2
									Itaboraian	56.9 *
									Peligran	58.9 *
		Selandian								59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian								61.6
									Tiupampan	62.4 *
							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Tiupampan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					86.1
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
				Mangaotanean							90.5
				Arowhanan							93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
				Motuan							99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		Late Albian			Cretaceous 4		100.5
				Urutawan		Late Albian					103.3
				Urutawan		Middle Albian					106.2 *
			Taitai	Korangan		Middle Albian					108.4
						Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian			Cretaceous 3		113
						Late Aptian					117.5
						Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian			Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian					139.8
						Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
						Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian			Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian			Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian					174.7
						Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
						Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2			184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian				Sevatian					208.5
						Alaunian					213.2 *
						Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian		Triassic 3			227
		Carnian				Julian		Triassic 3			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		Triassic 2			237
		Ladinian				Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian					242
						Pelsonian					243.8 *
						Bithynian					244.7 *
						Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian			251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian				Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian				Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian				Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean				Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian				Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
													538.8