PBDB Timescale

Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 16 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1251 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	European Faunal Zones	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran	Cenozoic 6							Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Tarantian				Lujanian			Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Tarantian						Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian				Ionian						Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene	0.129
												Irvingtonian		0.21
										Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Castlecliffian										0.34
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene	0.774
												Blancan		1.4
				Nukumaruan										1.63
										Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian					MN 17							1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian			MN 17							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					MN 16			Vorohuean			Late Pliocene	2.58
										Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Waipipian										3
							MN 15							3.2
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
				Opoitian						Montehermosan				3.7 *
							MN 14							4.2
							MN 14					Hemphillian		4.7
							MN 13			Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean									Late Miocene	5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian					MN 12							7.246
							MN 11							7.75
							MN 11			Chasicoan				7.9 *
							MN 10							8.7
							MN 10					Clarendonian		9.4
							MN 9							9.7
										Mayoan				9.9 *
										Laventan				10.9 *
			Southland	Waiauan										11.04
							MN 7 + 8							11.1
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5								Middle Miocene	11.63
												Barstovian		12.5
							MN 6							12.8 *
				Lillburnian										13.05
										Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian					MN 5							13.82
				Clifdenian										15.1
				Clifdenian						Friasian				15.4 *
			Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian					MN 4						Early Miocene	15.98
										Santacrucian				16.2 *
												Hemingfordian		16.3
							MN 3							16.9
										Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
												Arikareean		18.5
				Otaian										18.7
							MN 2							20
		Aquitanian												20.44
										Deseadan				20.9 *
			Landon	Waitakian										21.7
							MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Late Oligocene	23.03
				Duntroonian										25.2
				Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian						Kekeamuan					Early Oligocene	27.82
										Tinguirirican				28.9 *
												Whitneyan		29.5
												Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Chadronian	Late Eocene	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan										34.6
				Runangan						Divisaderan				35.9 *
				Kaiatan										36.7
												Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bortonian										39.1
												Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2									41.2
						Mustersan				41.9 *
			Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
				Heretaungan						45.7
										Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian							Bumbanian			Early Eocene	47.8
						Casamayoran							47.9 *
				Mangaorapan									48.9
				Mangaorapan						Wasatchian	50.5
				Waipawan						Wasatchian	52
				Waipawan						Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Cenozoic 1	Gashatan			Riochican	Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene	56
									Riochican	Tiffanian		56.2
									Itaboraian			56.9 *
									Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian									Early Paleocene	61.6
									Tiupampan			62.4 *
									Tiupampan	Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	Cretaceous 8							66
		Campanian		Haumurian	Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan	Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan								86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
				Mangaotanean								90.5
				Arowhanan								93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	Cretaceous 5							93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian								95.2
				Motuan								99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Cretaceous 4							100.5
				Urutawan								103.3
			Taitai	Korangan								108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	Cretaceous 3							113
		Aptian			Cretaceous 3							117.5
		Barremian			Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2							125.77
		Valanginian			Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian			Cretaceous 1							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6							145
		Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5							149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian			Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian			Jurassic 4							168.2
		Aalenian			Jurassic 3							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Jurassic 3							174.7
		Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2							184.2
		Sinemurian			Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian			Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian			Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian			Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian			Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521	Cambrian 2
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
														538.8