PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13393 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene				Lujanian		0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene				Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene				Ensenadan		0.774
		Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Tertiary †			Vorohuean		2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene				Chapadmalalan		3.6
							Montehermosan		3.7 *
							Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
							Chasicoan		7.9 *
							Mayoan		9.9 *
							Laventan		10.9 *
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene				Laventan		11.63
		Serravallian					Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian					Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene				Friasian		15.98
							Santacrucian		16.2 *
							Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
		Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian		20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene						27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene				Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene				Tinguirirican		33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene				Divisaderan		35.9 *
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian							41.2
		Lutetian					Mustersan		41.9 *
		Ypresian	Early Eocene				Mustersan		47.8
		Ypresian	Early Eocene				Casamayoran		47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Riochican		56
							Itaboraian		56.9 *
							Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene				Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
									509