PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13391 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Central Paratethys Stages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian			Nihewanian			0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Lujanian						0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene	Ensenadan						0.774
		Calabrian		Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Vorohuean			Yushean	Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene	Chapadmalalan						3.6
				Montehermosan						3.7 *
				Huayquerian			Baodean			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian				Pannonian				7.246
				Chasicoan						7.9 *
				Mayoan						9.9 *
				Laventan						10.9 *
							Tunggurian			11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene			Sarmatian				11.63
						Badenian				12.8 *
				Colloncuran		Badenian				13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran			Shanwangian			13.82
		Langhian		Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene	Friasian						15.98
				Santacrucian						16.2 *
				Santacrucian			Xiejiaan			16.9
				Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
		Aquitanian		Colhuehuapian						20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene							23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene							27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene	Tinguirirican						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Tinguirirican						33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene	Divisaderan						35.9 *
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene							37.71
		Lutetian								41.2
		Lutetian		Mustersan						41.9 *
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Mustersan						47.8
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Casamayoran						47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Riochican						56
				Itaboraian						56.9 *
				Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene							61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Tiupampan						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
										509