PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13391 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Lujanian		0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene	Ensenadan		0.774
		Calabrian		Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Vorohuean		2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene	Chapadmalalan		3.6
				Montehermosan		3.7 *
				Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian				7.246
				Chasicoan		7.9 *
				Mayoan		9.9 *
				Laventan		10.9 *
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Laventan		11.63
		Serravallian		Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian		Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene	Friasian		15.98
				Santacrucian		16.2 *
				Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
		Aquitanian		Colhuehuapian		20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene	Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Tinguirirican		33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene	Divisaderan		35.9 *
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian				41.2
		Lutetian		Mustersan		41.9 *
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Mustersan		47.8
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Casamayoran		47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Riochican		56
				Itaboraian		56.9 *
				Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Tiupampan		62.4 *
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