PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13393 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Sheridanian					0.129
				Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
							Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene						0.774
				Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Vorohuean		2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene				Chapadmalalan		3.6
							Montehermosan		3.7 *
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan		4.7
							Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
							Chasicoan		7.9 *
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Chasicoan		9.4
							Mayoan		9.9 *
							Laventan		10.9 *
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene						11.63
				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
							Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian					Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene				Friasian		15.98
							Santacrucian		16.2 *
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Santacrucian		16.3
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene						23.03
					Monroecreekian				23.1 *
					Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene						27.82
							Tinguirirican		28.9 *
									29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan		35.9 *
									37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene						37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian							41.2
							Mustersan		41.9 *
				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene						47.8
							Casamayoran		47.9 *
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican		56
						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican		56.2
							Itaboraian		56.9 *
							Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene						61.6
							Tiupampan		62.4 *
						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan		63.8
									66