PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13391 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian					Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Sheridanian							0.129
				Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
									Ensenadan		0.3 *
								Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene								0.774
				Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
								Nukumaruan			1.63
									Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian									1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene						Vorohuean		2.58
									Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
								Waipipian			3
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene					Waipipian			3.6
								Opoitian	Montehermosan		3.7 *
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Montehermosan		4.7
									Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene				Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian									7.246
									Chasicoan		7.9 *
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Chasicoan		9.4
									Mayoan		9.9 *
									Laventan		10.9 *
							Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene								11.63
				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
								Lillburnian			13.05
									Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian									13.82
								Clifdenian			15.1
								Clifdenian	Friasian		15.4 *
							Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene								15.98
									Santacrucian		16.2 *
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Santacrucian		16.3
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
								Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian									20.44
									Deseadan		20.9 *
							Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene								23.03
					Monroecreekian						23.1 *
					Geringian						24.7 *
								Duntroonian			25.2
								Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene								27.82
									Tinguirirican		28.9 *
											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
							Arnold	Runangan			34.6
								Runangan	Divisaderan		35.9 *
								Kaiatan			36.7
											37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene								37.71
								Bortonian			39.1
				Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
									Mustersan		41.9 *
						Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
							Heretaungan	45.7
				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene					47.8
								Casamayoran	47.9 *
							Mangaorapan		48.9
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Mangaorapan		50.5
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Waipawan		52
							Waipawan		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Teurian	Riochican	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
								Riochican	Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
								Itaboraian			56.9 *
								Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene						To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene							61.6
								Tiupampan		62.4 *
								Tiupampan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian						Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
								Mangaotanean		90.5
								Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan		93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
								Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan		100.5
								Urutawan		103.3
							Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian						Korangan		113
		Aptian								117.5
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
											145