PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13393 collections

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		Tertiary †			2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene	Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian						7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian						13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene					15.98
				Hemingfordian				16.3
				Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene					23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene					27.82
				Whitneyan				29.5
				Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene	Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene	Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Bridgerian				47.8
				Wasatchian				50.5
				Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
								509