PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13404 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean						0.129
				Irvingtonian						0.21
					Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene							0.774
				Blancan						1.4
					Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		Vorohuean			Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Chapadmalalan					3.6
					Montehermosan					3.7 *
				Hemphillian	Montehermosan					4.7
					Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian					Pannonian			7.246
					Chasicoan					7.9 *
				Clarendonian	Chasicoan					9.4
					Mayoan					9.9 *
					Laventan					10.9 *
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene				Sarmatian			11.63
				Barstovian			Sarmatian			12.5
							Badenian			12.8 *
					Colloncuran		Badenian			13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian			Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene		Friasian					15.98
					Santacrucian					16.2 *
				Hemingfordian	Santacrucian					16.3
				Hemingfordian	Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
				Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene							23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene							27.82
					Tinguirirican					28.9 *
				Whitneyan						29.5
				Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Chadronian						33.9
				Chadronian	Divisaderan					35.9 *
				Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene	Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian								41.2
					Mustersan					41.9 *
				Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene							47.8
					Casamayoran					47.9 *
				Wasatchian						50.5
				Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	Riochican					56
				Tiffanian	Riochican					56.2
					Itaboraian					56.9 *
					Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene							61.6
					Tiupampan					62.4 *
				Puercan	Tiupampan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
										509