PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13391 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean				Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian					Lujanian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean								0.129
				Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
										Ensenadan		0.3 *
									Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene									0.774
				Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
									Nukumaruan			1.63
										Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian										1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene							Vorohuean		2.58
										Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
									Waipipian			3
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene						Waipipian			3.6
									Opoitian	Montehermosan		3.7 *
				Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Montehermosan		4.7
										Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene					Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
										Chasicoan		7.9 *
				Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Chasicoan		9.4
										Mayoan		9.9 *
										Laventan		10.9 *
								Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene									11.63
				Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
									Lillburnian			13.05
										Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian										13.82
									Clifdenian			15.1
									Clifdenian	Friasian		15.4 *
								Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene									15.98
										Santacrucian		16.2 *
				Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Santacrucian		16.3
				Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
				Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
									Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian										20.44
										Deseadan		20.9 *
								Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene									23.03
						Monroecreekian						23.1 *
						Geringian						24.7 *
									Duntroonian			25.2
									Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene									27.82
										Tinguirirican		28.9 *
				Whitneyan								29.5
				Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
								Arnold	Runangan			34.6
									Runangan	Divisaderan		35.9 *
									Kaiatan			36.7
				Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene									37.71
									Bortonian			39.1
				Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian					41.2
							Mustersan			41.9 *
								Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
									Heretaungan	45.7
				Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene							47.8
							Casamayoran			47.9 *
									Mangaorapan	48.9
				Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Mangaorapan	50.5
				Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Waipawan	52
				Clarkforkian					Waipawan	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian			Teurian		Riochican	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
				Tiffanian					Riochican	Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
									Itaboraian			56.9 *
									Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian						To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene								61.6
									Tiupampan		62.4 *
				Puercan					Tiupampan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian							Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
									Mangaotanean		90.5
									Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan		93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
									Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan		100.5
									Urutawan		103.3
								Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian							Korangan		113
		Aptian									117.5
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
												145