PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13404 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			European Faunal Units	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene							Lujanian		0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene							Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene							Ensenadan		0.774
		Calabrian								Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian								Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene			Tertiary †			Villanyian	Vorohuean		2.58
									Villanyian	Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
									Ruscinian			3.1 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene									3.6
										Montehermosan		3.7 *
										Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene						Turolian			5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
										Chasicoan		7.9 *
									Vallesian	Chasicoan		8.7
										Mayoan		9.9 *
										Laventan		10.9 *
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene						Astaracian	Laventan		11.63
		Serravallian								Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian								Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian								Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene						Orleanian	Friasian		15.98
										Santacrucian		16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
									Agenian			20
		Aquitanian										20.44
		Aquitanian								Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene	Kekeamuan								27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene	Kekeamuan						Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Tinguirirican		33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Divisaderan		35.9 *
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Lutetian								Mustersan		41.9 *
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		Bumbanian					Mustersan		47.8
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		Bumbanian					Casamayoran		47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Gashatan						Riochican		56
										Itaboraian		56.9 *
										Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene									61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene							Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			509
	Series 2	Stage 3			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
												538.8