PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13393 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian				0.0042
		Greenlandian				0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Villanyian		2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	Turolian		5.333
		Tortonian		Turolian		7.246
				Vallesian		8.7
				Vallesian	Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Astaracian	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian				13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene	Orleanian		15.98
					Hemingfordian	16.3
					Arikareean	18.5
				Agenian		20
		Aquitanian		Agenian		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene			27.82
					Whitneyan	29.5
					Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		Bridgerian	47.8
					Wasatchian	50.5
					Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Puercan	63.8
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