PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13391 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene			Lujanian		0.129
						Ensenadan		0.3 *
					Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Castlecliffian			0.774
					Nukumaruan			1.63
						Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian						1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene			Vorohuean		2.58
						Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
					Waipipian			3
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Waipipian			3.6
					Opoitian	Montehermosan		3.7 *
					Opoitian	Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian						7.246
						Chasicoan		7.9 *
						Mayoan		9.9 *
						Laventan		10.9 *
				Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene		Waiauan			11.63
					Lillburnian			13.05
						Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian						13.82
					Clifdenian			15.1
					Clifdenian	Friasian		15.4 *
				Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene					15.98
						Santacrucian		16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
					Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian						20.44
						Deseadan		20.9 *
				Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene		Waitakian			23.03
					Duntroonian			25.2
					Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene					27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene			Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene					33.9
				Arnold	Runangan			34.6
					Runangan	Divisaderan		35.9 *
					Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene		Kaiatan			37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian						41.2
						Mustersan		41.9 *
				Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
					Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian	Early Eocene					47.8
						Casamayoran		47.9 *
					Mangaorapan			48.9
					Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Teurian	Riochican		56
						Itaboraian		56.9 *
						Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene					61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene			Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian			Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan			100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian			Korangan		113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
								145