The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

• F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
• A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
• F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
• W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
• J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 16 timescales which overlap this one. show

• Obsolete Names for ICS Units
• Ten Million Year Bins
• Carboniferous Subepochs
• Permian of the Russian Platform
• Permian of the Pamirs
• Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
• Permian Subages of Germany
• Permian of Western Europe
• Permian of the Salt Range
• Permian of China
• Permian of North America
• Carboniferous of Western Europe
• Carboniferous of China
• Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
• Carboniferous of North America
• Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 492 collections