PBDB Timescale

Permian of China

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 16 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 42 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of China	Permian of North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian of the Salt Range	Carboniferous of North America	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Cenozoic 6				0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Tertiary †			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian											Cenozoic 5				11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Cenozoic 4				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											Cenozoic 4				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Cenozoic 3				33.9
		Bartonian											Cenozoic 3				37.71
		Lutetian											Cenozoic 2				41.2
		Ypresian											Cenozoic 2				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Cenozoic 1				56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Cretaceous 8				66
		Campanian											Cretaceous 7				72.1
		Santonian											Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian											Cretaceous 5				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Cretaceous 4				100.5
		Aptian											Cretaceous 3				113
		Barremian											Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian											Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian											Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian											Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Oteke	Puaroan	Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian									Oteke	Puaroan	Jurassic 5				149.2
											Kawhia	Ohauan					150
												Heterian					154.5
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Callovian										Temaikan					164.3
		Bathonian											Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian											Jurassic 4				168.2
		Aalenian											Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Toarcian									Herangi	Ururoan					176
		Pliensbachian										Ururoan	Jurassic 2				184.2
		Pliensbachian										Aratauran	Jurassic 2				188.9
		Sinemurian											Jurassic 1				192.9
		Hettangian											Jurassic 1				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									Balfour	Otapirian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian										Warepan					208.5
												Otamitan					217
												Oretian					221
		Carnian										Oretian	Triassic 3				227
		Carnian									Gore	Kaihikuan	Triassic 3				227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										Kaihikuan	Triassic 2				237
		Ladinian										Etalian					238
		Anisian										Etalian					242
		Anisian										Malakovian					246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Vokhmian		Malakovian	Triassic 1				247.2
		Olenekian										Nelsonian					249
		Induan	251.2									Nelsonian
		Induan	Kathwai	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai			Meishanian		Permian 4	251.902
									252.4 *
			Chhidru						252.9 *
					Waiitian				253.2
						Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Longtanian †	254.14
					Puruhauan					254.2
			Kalabagh							255 *
			Wargal							256 *
						Laibinian				257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima		Flettian		259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian	Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					264.28
											265.3 *
									Barettian		266
			Amb								266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Permian 3			266.9
		Roadian			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Permian 3			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian	Leonardian	Cathedralian					Permian 2	273.01
						Cathedralian			Mangapirian			276
						Hessian						281.9 *
		Artinskian										283.5
									Telfordian			285
				Longlinian								285.4 *
					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian						286.1 *
												288.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian		Nealian					Bursumian †	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian							Late Pennsylvanian	Mapingian †	Virgilian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Gzhelian											Virgilian		300.1
		Kasimovian											Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian											Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian									Middle Pennsylvanian		Desmoinesian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Moscovian									Middle Pennsylvanian		Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian									Early Pennsylvanian		Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian									Early Pennsylvanian		Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									Late Mississippian		Chesterian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean									Middle Mississippian		Chesterian	Carboniferous 2	330.9
													Meramecian		335.8 *
													Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian									Early Mississippian		Osagean	Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian									Early Mississippian		Kinderhookian	Carboniferous 1	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian												Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian												Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian												Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian												Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian												Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian												Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian												Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli													Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian													423
	Ludlow	Gorstian													425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian													427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian													430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian												Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian													438.5
		Rhuddanian													440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian												Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian												Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian												Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian												Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian												Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian												Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian													489.5
		Paibian													494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Cambrian 4	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian												Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan								Cambrian 3				Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Cambrian 3						509
	Series 2	Stage 3								Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								Cambrian 1						529
																	538.8