PBDB Timescale

Permian of Western Europe

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 167 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Ten Million Year Bins	Permian Subages of Germany	Carboniferous of North America	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6					0
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian							0.129
		Calabrian							0.774
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
		Serravallian		Cenozoic 5					11.63
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian							15.98
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Cenozoic 4					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3					33.9
		Bartonian		Cenozoic 3					37.71
		Lutetian		Cenozoic 2					41.2
		Ypresian		Cenozoic 2					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1					56
		Selandian							59.2
		Danian							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8					66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7					72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6					83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4					100.5
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3					113
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2					125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1					132.6
		Berriasian		Cretaceous 1					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6					145
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5					149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian		Jurassic 4					168.2
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Jurassic 3					174.7
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2					184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian		Triassic 4					208.5
		Carnian		Triassic 3					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1			Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Triassic 1			Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4	Buntsandstein			Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein		Buntsandstein		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes		Ohre/Aller		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian			Leine		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Wordian			Leine		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian		Permian 3			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2					273.01
		Kungurian						Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian	Autunian					Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian						Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1		Bursumian †			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5		Virgilian			298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian		Dorogomilovian	303.7
								Khamovnikian	304.8
								Krevyakinian	305.8 *
						Desmoinesian		Krevyakinian	305.9 *
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4				Myachkovian	307
								Podolskian	308.9 *
								Kashirian	311.4 *
						Atokan		Kashirian	312.7 *
								Vereian	313.8
								Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian						Melekessian	315.2
								Cheremshanian	316.9 *
						Morrowan		Cheremshanian	318.4 *
								Prikamian	318.6 *
								Severokeltmian	319.9 *
								Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
								Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3		Chesterian		Zapaltjubian	323.2
								Protvian	324.4 *
								Steshevian	326.8 *
								Tarusian	329 *
		Visean		Carboniferous 2				Venevian	330.9
								Mikhailovian	331.9 *
								Aleksinian	333.7 *
						Meramecian		Tulian	335.8 *
						Meramecian		Bobrikian	339.9 *
						Osagean		Bobrikian	343.1 *
								Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1				Kosvian	346.7
								Kizelian	350.7 *
						Kinderhookian		Cherepetian	351.9 *
								Karakubian	354.4 *
								Upinian	356.3 *
								Malevkian	357.6 *
								Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5					443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5					445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	509	Cambrian 3
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
									538.8