PBDB Timescale

Permian Subages of Germany

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 11 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 68 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Permian of the Salt Range	Permian of North America		Permian of the Pamirs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of China
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan					145
		Kimmeridgian							Oteke	Puaroan					149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan					150
										Heterian					154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian								Temaikan					164.3
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Toarcian							Herangi	Ururoan					176
		Pliensbachian								Ururoan					184.2
		Pliensbachian								Aratauran					188.9
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Balfour	Otapirian					201.4
		Norian								Warepan					208.5
										Otamitan					217
										Oretian					221
		Carnian								Oretian					227
		Carnian							Gore	Kaihikuan					227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Kaihikuan					237
		Ladinian								Etalian					238
		Anisian								Etalian					242
		Anisian								Malakovian					246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian		Malakovian					247.2
		Olenekian								Nelsonian					249
		Induan								Nelsonian					251.2
		Induan		Kathwai					DUrville	Makarewan					251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	Kathwai			Dorashamian							Meishanian	251.902
															252.4 *
				Chhidru											252.9 *
										Waiitian					253.2
														Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Longtanian †	Laoshanian				254.14
										Puruhauan		254.2
				Kalabagh								255 *
				Wargal								256 *
								Laibinian				257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller		Capitanian	Midian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian			Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian	Leine		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					Kuhfengian	264.28
													265.3 *
									Barettian				266
				Amb									266.1 *
						Murgabian							266.2 *
		Roadian			Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						266.9
		Roadian			Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kubergandian						Luodianian	273.01
							Kubergandian		Mangapirian					276
							Bolorian							279.8
						Hessian								281.9 *
		Artinskian									283.5
									Telfordian		285
											Longlinian		285.4 *
							Yakhtashian						286
					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian							286.1 *
													288.5
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian				Nealian	Asselian				Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian											300.1
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Moscovian											307
		Bashkirian											315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian											323.2
		Visean											330.9
		Tournaisian											346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian											358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian											372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian											382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian											387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian											393.3
		Pragian											407.6
		Lochkovian											410.8
Silurian	Pridoli												419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
	Ludlow	Gorstian											425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian											427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
		Aeronian											438.5
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											443.8
		Katian											445.2
		Sandbian											453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian											467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian											477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †	497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †				504.5
															509