PBDB Timescale

Permian Subages of Germany

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 11 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 68 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of North America		Permian of the Pamirs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of China
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian														11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Oteke	Puaroan					145
		Kimmeridgian								Oteke	Puaroan					149.2
										Kawhia	Ohauan					150
											Heterian					154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian									Temaikan					164.3
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Toarcian								Herangi	Ururoan					176
		Pliensbachian									Ururoan					184.2
		Pliensbachian									Aratauran					188.9
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Balfour	Otapirian					201.4
		Norian									Warepan					208.5
											Otamitan					217
											Oretian					221
		Carnian									Oretian					227
		Carnian								Gore	Kaihikuan					227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									Kaihikuan					237
		Ladinian									Etalian					238
		Anisian									Etalian					242
		Anisian									Malakovian					246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Vokhmian		Malakovian					247.2
		Olenekian									Nelsonian					249
		Induan									Nelsonian					251.2
		Induan								DUrville	Makarewan					251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein					Dorashamian			Makarewan				Meishanian	251.902
											Waiitian				Meishanian	253.2
															Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian						Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				Longtanian †		Laoshanian	254.14
											Puruhauan					254.2
				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
					Vyatkian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller		Severodvinian	Capitanian	Midian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian			Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian	Leine		Urzhumian	Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Flettian			Kuhfengian	264.28
										Barettian				266
							Murgabian							266.2 *
		Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian	Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian	Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kubergandian						Luodianian	273.01
					Irenian/Ufimian					Mangapirian					276
					Filipovian										276.5 *
					Filipovian			Bolorian							279.8
					Saraninian										280.1 *
					Saraninian		Hessian								281.9 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian										283.5
										Telfordian					285
														Longlinian	285.4 *
					Irginian							285.9 *
								Yakhtashian				286
						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian					286.1 *
					Burtsevian							287.8 *
					Burtsevian							288.5
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			Sakmarian				290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian			Sakmarian				291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian		Nealian	Asselian				Zisongian		293.52
					Uskalykian									294.8
					Surenian									297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												298.9
		Gzhelian												300.1
		Kasimovian												303.7
		Moscovian												307
		Bashkirian												315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian												323.2
		Visean												330.9
		Tournaisian												346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian												358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian												372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian												382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian												387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian												393.3
		Pragian												407.6
		Lochkovian												410.8
Silurian	Pridoli													419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian												423
	Ludlow	Gorstian												425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian												427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian												430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian												433.4
		Aeronian												438.5
		Rhuddanian												440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian												443.8
		Katian												445.2
		Sandbian												453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian												467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian												477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Series 3 †	497
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan									Stage 5 †				504.5
																509