PBDB Timescale

Permian Subages of Germany

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 11 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 68 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of the Pamirs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6							0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian									0.129
		Calabrian									0.774
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Serravallian		Cenozoic 5							11.63
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Cenozoic 4							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3							33.9
		Bartonian		Cenozoic 3							37.71
		Lutetian		Cenozoic 2							41.2
		Ypresian		Cenozoic 2							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1							56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8							66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4							100.5
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3							113
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2							125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian		Cretaceous 1							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6			Oteke	Puaroan			145
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5			Oteke	Puaroan			149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan			150
								Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Callovian						Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian		Jurassic 4							168.2
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Toarcian					Herangi	Ururoan			176
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2				Ururoan			184.2
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2				Aratauran			188.9
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1							192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4			Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian						Warepan			208.5
								Otamitan			217
								Oretian			221
		Carnian		Triassic 3				Oretian			227
		Carnian		Triassic 3			Gore	Kaihikuan			227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2				Kaihikuan			237
		Ladinian						Etalian			238
		Anisian						Etalian			242
		Anisian						Malakovian			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1		Vokhmian		Malakovian			247.2
		Olenekian						Nelsonian			249
		Induan	251.2					Nelsonian
		Induan	DUrville		Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Buntsandstein	Makarewan	Permian 4	Dorashamian		251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian		Dorashamian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian		Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Midian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Aparima	Flettian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	Leine		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Flettian	Wordian	264.28
								Barettian		266
				Murgabian						266.2 *
		Roadian		Murgabian	Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2	Kubergandian				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
					Kubergandian			Mangapirian			276
					Bolorian						279.8
										Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian									283.5
								Telfordian			285
					Yakhtashian						286
									Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
											288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1	Asselian					Nealian	293.52
											298.9