PBDB Timescale

Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 12 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 111 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian Subages of Germany	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of North America		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Cenozoic 6	0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian												Cenozoic 5	11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Cenozoic 4	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												Cenozoic 4	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Bartonian												Cenozoic 3	37.71
		Lutetian												Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Ypresian												Cenozoic 2	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Cenozoic 1	56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian					Cretaceous 4	100.5
									Middle Albian						106.2 *
									Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian					Cretaceous 3	113
		Aptian							Early Aptian					Cretaceous 3	119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian					Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian						139.8
									Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
									Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian							Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian						174.7
									Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
									Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian							Sevatian						208.5
									Alaunian						213.2 *
									Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian							Tuvalian					Triassic 3	227
		Carnian							Julian					Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Dorashamian		Buntsandstein		Melekhovian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Dzhulfian		Buntsandstein					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Midian							Ohre/Aller	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian								Leine	Wordian	264.28
								Noginskian					264.9 *
				Murgabian									266.2 *
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Murgabian							Roadian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian							Leonardian	Cathedralian	Permian 2	273.01
				Kubergandian				Pavlovoposadian						276.8 *
				Bolorian										279.8
												Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian												283.5
				Yakhtashian										286
											Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
					Rusavkinian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Asselian				Nealian				Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian								303.7
					Khamovnikian								304.8
					Krevyakinian								305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian							Carboniferous 4	307
					Podolskian								308.9 *
					Kashirian								311.4 *
					Vereian								313.8
					Melekessian								314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian								315.2
					Cheremshanian								316.9 *
					Prikamian								318.6 *
					Severokeltmian								319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian								321.2 *
					Voznesenian								321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian							Carboniferous 3	323.2
					Protvian								324.4 *
					Steshevian								326.8 *
					Tarusian								329 *
		Visean			Venevian							Carboniferous 2	330.9
					Mikhailovian					331.9 *
					Aleksinian					333.7 *
					Tulian					335.8 *
					Bobrikian					339.9 *
					Radaevkian					343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian					Carboniferous 1		346.7
					Kizelian							350.7 *
					Cherepetian							351.9 *
					Karakubian							354.4 *
					Upinian							356.3 *
					Malevkian							357.6 *
					Gumerovian							358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian								Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian								Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian					Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian				Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †			Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian				Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	Cambrian 3		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Cambrian 3		509
	Series 2	Stage 3					Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					Cambrian 1		529
															538.8