PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian Subages	Ordovician of Britain				Silurian Ages of Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian											Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian											Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †															2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean											Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
													Hemingfordian						16.3
													Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
													Whitneyan						29.5
													Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3										Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian											Bridgerian						47.8
													Wasatchian						50.5
													Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1										Clarkforkian						56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian											Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													Senonian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7																72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6																83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													Gallic			100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2																121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6																145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5																149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4																165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4																168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3																174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2																184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4						Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian							Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian							Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2						Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1						Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian							Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Ashgill	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian									Rawtheyan	Chientangkiangian			445.2
											Cautleyan				448.9 *
											Pusgillian				449.3 *
											Pusgillian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
										Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan					451.5 *
											Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4													453
															Actonian †	453.2 *
															Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
															Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian				Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
											Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Guniu †/Hulo		461.3 *
														Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2										Dapingian				467.3
		Dapingian								Arenig	Fennian		Dapingian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Fennian		Yiyangian				470
											Whitlandian						471.1 *
					Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadoc					Migneintian	Xinchangian		477.7
										Migneintian			Lianghekou †		477.9 *
										Cressagian					480.8 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan					485.4
		Stage 10											Festiniogian					489.2 *
		Jiangshanian											Festiniogian					489.5
		Jiangshanian											Maentwrogian					493.1 *
		Paibian				494							Maentwrogian
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Series 3 †	St Davids						497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4					500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3					Caerfai					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
																			538.8