PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Britain	North American Land Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian													Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian													Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †														2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean													Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian							Pannonian									7.246
		Tortonian							Pannonian						Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5						Sarmatian						Clarendonian			11.63
									Sarmatian						Barstovian			12.5
									Badenian									12.8 *
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
															Hemingfordian			16.3
															Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian														Kekeamuan		27.82
															Whitneyan			29.5
															Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3												Chadronian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Priabonian													Duchesnean	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
		Bartonian													Duchesnean	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian													Bridgerian		Bumbanian	47.8
															Wasatchian			50.5
															Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1												Clarkforkian	Gashatan		56
		Thanetian													Tiffanian	Gashatan		56.2
		Selandian													Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian													Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian													Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian													Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8							Senonian								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7															72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6															83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4							Gallic								100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3															113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2															121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2							Neocomian								125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1															132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Oteke	Puaroan										145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				Oteke	Puaroan										149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan										150
								Heterian										154.5
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Callovian						Temaikan										164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4															165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	Herangi	Ururoan	176
					Planulata			179.3 *
					Planulata			Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
					Kanense						181.3 *
					Carlottense						182.3 *
					Kunae						183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Kunae						184.2
					Freboldi						185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Aratauran					188.9
												189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras						Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1									192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras				196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian				Warepan			208.5
						Otamitan			217
						Oretian			221
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Oretian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Gore	Kaihikuan			227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Kaihikuan			237
		Ladinian				Etalian			238
		Anisian				Etalian			242
		Anisian				Malakovian			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Malakovian			Vokhmian			247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian						249
		Induan				Nelsonian						251.2
		Induan			DUrville	Makarewan						251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Makarewan			Dorashamian				251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian			Dorashamian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian			Longtanian †			Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan			Longtanian †			Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima			Flettian			Midian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian							Flettian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
									Barettian					266
												Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3									Murgabian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2									Kubergandian		273.01
				Mangapirian					276			Kubergandian
									Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian										283.5
				Telfordian								285
				Telfordian					Yakhtashian			286
									Yakhtashian			288.5
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5									298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5									303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4									307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
		Stage 10									Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian					Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				Series 3 †	St Davids			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Stage 5 †						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3					Caerfai			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
																		538.8