PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian of the Baltic	Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian		Sheridanian							Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian				Sheridanian							Ionian	0.129
						Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
				Ensenadan										0.3 *
												Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian												0.774
						Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
												Nukumaruan		1.63
				Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian												1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean										2.58
				Chapadmalalan										2.9 *
												Waipipian		3
		Zanclean										Waipipian		3.6
				Montehermosan								Opoitian		3.7 *
				Montehermosan		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
				Huayquerian										4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian								Pannonian				7.246
				Chasicoan										7.9 *
				Chasicoan		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
				Mayoan										9.9 *
				Laventan										10.9 *
											Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5							Sarmatian				11.63
						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Sarmatian				12.5
										Badenian				12.8 *
												Lillburnian		13.05
				Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian												13.82
												Clifdenian		15.1
				Friasian								Clifdenian		15.4 *
											Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian												15.98
				Santacrucian										16.2 *
				Santacrucian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
				Colhuehuapian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								17.4 *
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
												Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian												20.44
				Deseadan										20.9 *
											Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											23.03
							Monroecreekian							23.1 *
							Geringian							24.7 *
												Duntroonian		25.2
												Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
				Tinguirirican										28.9 *
														29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
											Arnold	Runangan		34.6
				Divisaderan								Runangan		35.9 *
												Kaiatan		36.7
														37
		Bartonian												37.71
												Bortonian		39.1
						Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											41.2
				Mustersan				41.9 *
								Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
									Heretaungan		45.7
						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian									47.8
				Casamayoran							47.9 *
									Mangaorapan		48.9
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Mangaorapan		50.5
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Waipawan		52
									Waipawan		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Riochican					Teurian		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
				Riochican							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
				Itaboraian								56.9 *
				Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian									61.6
				Tiupampan							62.4 *
				Tiupampan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8					Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7						Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6						Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
									Mangaotanean		90.5
									Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5						Arowhanan		93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
									Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4						Motuan		100.5
									Urutawan		103.3
								Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						Korangan		113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3							117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2							125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6							145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5							149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4							168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3							174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2							184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1							192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4							208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian					Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian								Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5								303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4								307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3								323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			Ohesaare					419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	Gleedonian	427.4
				Jaagarahu	Gleedonian	429.2 *
					Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	Jaani		433.4
		Telychian		Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
														538.8