PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6														0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian		Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian		Middle Pleistocene											0.129
		Chibanian		Ensenadan		Middle Pleistocene											0.3 *
		Calabrian		Ensenadan		Early Pleistocene											0.774
		Calabrian		Sanandresian	Uquian †												1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean		Late Pliocene					Tertiary †						2.58
		Piacenzian		Chapadmalalan		Late Pliocene											2.9 *
		Zanclean		Chapadmalalan		Early Pliocene											3.6
				Montehermosan													3.7 *
				Huayquerian													4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene											5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
				Chasicoan													7.9 *
				Mayoan													9.9 *
				Laventan													10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Laventan		Middle Miocene											11.63
		Serravallian		Colloncuran													13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran													13.82
		Langhian		Friasian													15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Friasian		Early Miocene											15.98
				Santacrucian													16.2 *
				Colhuehuapian													17.4 *
		Aquitanian		Colhuehuapian													20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan													20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Late Oligocene											23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene											27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican		Early Oligocene											28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Tinguirirican		Late Eocene											33.9
		Priabonian		Divisaderan		Late Eocene											35.9 *
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene											37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														41.2
		Lutetian		Mustersan													41.9 *
		Ypresian		Mustersan		Early Eocene											47.8
		Ypresian		Casamayoran		Early Eocene											47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Riochican		Late Paleocene											56
				Itaboraian													56.9 *
				Peligran													58.9 *
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene											59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene											61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan		Early Paleocene											62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8														66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7														72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6														83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4														100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3														113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2														121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2														125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1														132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6											Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5											Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
														Kawhia	Ohauan		150
															Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Callovian													Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4														165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4				168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Toarcian					Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1						192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian						Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan			217
					Oretian			221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
		Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan			DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian						Flettian	264.28
		Wordian						Barettian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian						Mangapirian	283.5
								Telfordian	285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Kosovian		443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †			445.2
		Katian		Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
				Dobrotivian							458.5 *
				Oretanian							459.7 *
						Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2			Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Stage 10										Festiniogian	Niuchehean		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										Festiniogian	Jiangshanian		489.5
		Jiangshanian										Maentwrogian	Jiangshanian		493.1 *
		Paibian											Paibian		494
		Paibian											Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								Series 3 †	St Davids		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4											Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Stage 5 †									Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3									Caerfai		Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2											Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2											Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1											Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1											Jinnigian		530.7
																	538.8