PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of North America		Cambrian of China		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of China	Permian Subages of Germany	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian													0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian													0.129
				Ensenadan													0.3 *
														Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian												Castlecliffian			0.774
														Nukumaruan			1.63
				Sanandresian	Uquian †												1.7 *
		Gelasian															1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean													2.58
				Chapadmalalan													2.9 *
														Waipipian			3
		Zanclean												Waipipian			3.6
				Montehermosan										Opoitian			3.7 *
				Huayquerian										Opoitian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
				Chasicoan													7.9 *
				Mayoan													9.9 *
				Laventan													10.9 *
													Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5											Waiauan			11.63
														Lillburnian			13.05
				Colloncuran													13.7 *
		Langhian															13.82
														Clifdenian			15.1
				Friasian										Clifdenian			15.4 *
													Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
				Santacrucian													16.2 *
				Colhuehuapian													17.4 *
														Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian															20.44
				Deseadan													20.9 *
													Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
														Duntroonian			25.2
														Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian													Kekeamuan		27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican											Kekeamuan		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
													Arnold	Runangan			34.6
				Divisaderan										Runangan			35.9 *
														Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian												Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian												Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														41.2
				Mustersan													41.9 *
													Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
														Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian														Bumbanian	47.8
				Casamayoran													47.9 *
														Mangaorapan			48.9
														Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Riochican										Teurian	Gashatan		56
				Itaboraian													56.9 *
				Peligran													58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan													62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Motuan	100.5
							Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Korangan	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4				168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3				174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Meishanian	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Ungurian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10				Niuchehean					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian						489.5
										Aksaian		490.7 *
					Sakian					492.2 *
										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				Paibian					494
		Paibian				Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	Guzhangian			Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian	497
										Ayusokkanian	Arcadian	498.4
												499.5
		Drumian				Drumian				Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian				Drumian				Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Topazan		Wuliuan/Taijangian				Tuesaian		504.5
				Topazan								505.3
				Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Waucoban †	Duyunian					Branchian	509
										Toyonian		510 *
				Dyeran						Toyonian		511 *
										Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Nangaoian						514
				Montezuman								514.8 *
										Atdabanian		515.6 *
											Placentian	517.1
				Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian				Tommotian		521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1			Jinnigian		530.7
																	538.8