PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of China			Permian of North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian											Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian											Ionian	0.129
				Ensenadan												0.3 *
														Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian												Castlecliffian		0.774
														Nukumaruan		1.63
				Sanandresian	Uquian †											1.7 *
		Gelasian														1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean												2.58
				Chapadmalalan												2.9 *
														Waipipian		3
		Zanclean												Waipipian		3.6
				Montehermosan										Opoitian		3.7 *
				Huayquerian										Opoitian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian										Pannonian				7.246
				Chasicoan												7.9 *
				Mayoan												9.9 *
				Laventan												10.9 *
													Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5									Sarmatian				11.63
												Badenian				12.8 *
														Lillburnian		13.05
				Colloncuran												13.7 *
		Langhian														13.82
														Clifdenian		15.1
				Friasian										Clifdenian		15.4 *
													Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
				Santacrucian												16.2 *
				Colhuehuapian												17.4 *
														Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian														20.44
				Deseadan												20.9 *
													Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											Waitakian		23.03
														Duntroonian		25.2
														Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican												28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3													33.9
													Arnold	Runangan		34.6
				Divisaderan										Runangan		35.9 *
														Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian												Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian												Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
				Mustersan												41.9 *
													Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
														Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian														47.8
				Casamayoran												47.9 *
														Mangaorapan		48.9
														Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Riochican										Teurian		56
				Itaboraian												56.9 *
				Peligran												58.9 *
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Korangan	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4				168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3				174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian					Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5						Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma						421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare						423
		Ludfordian		Paadla						423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula						Gleedonian	427.4
				Jaagarahu						Gleedonian	429.2 *
										Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani							431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	Jaani							433.4
		Telychian		Adavere							434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere							438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula							439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula							440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru							441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou					Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian							Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo						458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo					466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	Yiyangian							470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Xinchangian							477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Xinchangian		Lianghekou †					477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3								509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
																538.8