PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Australia	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6															0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian				Tarantian					Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian				Ionian					Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Chibanian		Ensenadan				Ionian					Middle Pleistocene					0.3 *
		Calabrian		Ensenadan									Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Calabrian		Sanandresian	Uquian †													1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean									Late Pliocene					2.58
		Piacenzian		Chapadmalalan									Late Pliocene					2.9 *
		Zanclean		Chapadmalalan									Early Pliocene					3.6
				Montehermosan														3.7 *
				Huayquerian														4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
				Chasicoan														7.9 *
				Mayoan														9.9 *
				Laventan														10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Laventan									Middle Miocene					11.63
		Serravallian		Colloncuran														13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran														13.82
		Langhian		Friasian														15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Friasian									Early Miocene					15.98
				Santacrucian														16.2 *
				Colhuehuapian														17.4 *
		Aquitanian		Colhuehuapian														20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan														20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										Late Oligocene					23.03
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene					27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican									Early Oligocene					28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Tinguirirican									Late Eocene					33.9
		Priabonian		Divisaderan									Late Eocene					35.9 *
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2															41.2
		Lutetian		Mustersan														41.9 *
		Ypresian		Mustersan									Early Eocene					47.8
		Ypresian		Casamayoran									Early Eocene					47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Riochican									Late Paleocene					56
				Itaboraian														56.9 *
				Peligran														58.9 *
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene					61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan									Early Paleocene					62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8															66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7															72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6															83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4															100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3															113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2															121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2															125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1															132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6															145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5															149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4															165.3
		Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites									168.2
		Bajocian								Humphresianum								168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3						Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4					208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Southwoodian			Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Harju					Porkuni	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu		Gamachian	445.2
									Pirgu		Richmondian	446 *
									Vormsi		Richmondian	449.6 *
									Vormsi		Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Nabala		Maysvillian		Johvi †	450 *
									Nabala		Edenian			450.4 *
				Viru					Rakvere		Edenian			450.6 *
									Rakvere	Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
									Oandu					452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						Keila				Idavere †	453
									Keila		Turinian			453.7 *
									Haljala					453.9
									Kukruse					456.4 *
									Kukruse	Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
									Uhaku				Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						Uhaku						458.4
									Lasnamagi						458.9 *
									Aseri						460.4 *
				Oeland					Kunda						462.9 *
									Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
							Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka						467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2												467.3
											Rangerian				469.1 *
							Billingen				Rangerian				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
						Latorp †							470.1 *
							Hunneberg						473.7 *
											Tulean		473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1								Tulean		477.7
											Stairsian		480.3 *
							Varangu				Stairsian		481.3 *
							Varangu				Skullrockian		Demingian †		482 *
							Pakerort						Demingian †		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Niuchehean	Pakerort					Taoyuanian †	Datsonian				485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
													Payntonian				486.8 *
													Payntonian				487.5
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian							Iverian				489.5
		Paibian				Paibian							Idamean				494
		Paibian				Paibian						Waergangian †/Youshuanian	Idamean				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Guzhangian						Wangcunian †	Mindyallan				497
		Guzhangian				Guzhangian							Boomerangian				499
		Drumian				Drumian							Undillan				500.5
		Drumian				Drumian							Floran				503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Wuliuan/Taijangian							Templetonian				504.5
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian							Ordian				507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian							Ordian				509
		Stage 4				Duyunian											510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Nangaoian											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			Meishucunian											521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1			Meishucunian											529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1			Jinnigian											530.7
																		538.8