PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of Britain				Silurian Ages of Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian			Nihewanian											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Yushean											2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Hemphillian					4.7
							Baodean											4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Clarendonian					9.4
							Tunggurian											11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5															11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian					Shanwangian											13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									Hemingfordian					16.3
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Xiejiaan						Hemingfordian					16.9
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4															23.03
					Monroecreekian													23.1 *
					Geringian													24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian													27.82
													Whitneyan					29.5
													Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian					47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Wasatchian					50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1							Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1							Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													Senonian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7															72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6															83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													Gallic		100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3															113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2															121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1															132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6															145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5															149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4					168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3					174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4					208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian						Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian								Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian								305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian		Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Ashgill	Hirnantian				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan				Chientangkiangian			445.2
						Cautleyan							448.9 *
						Pusgillian							449.3 *
						Pusgillian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
					Caradoc	Streffordian							Onnian †	449.6 *
						Cheneyan								451.5 *
						Burrellian								452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4											453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
						Aurelucian							Longvillian †		456.8 *
						Aurelucian							Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							Guniu †/Hulo		461.3 *
												Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								Dapingian				467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig	Fennian					Dapingian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian					Yiyangian				470
						Whitlandian									471.1 *
						Moridunian									474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadoc	Migneintian					Xinchangian				477.7
						Migneintian							Lianghekou †		477.9 *
						Cressagian									480.8 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan					485.4
		Stage 10										Festiniogian					489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										Festiniogian					489.5
		Jiangshanian										Maentwrogian					493.1 *
		Paibian										Maentwrogian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								St Davids						497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4														500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3														504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3								Caerfai						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2														514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1														529
																		538.8