PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

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Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Salt Range	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian Epochs	European Faunal Units	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian					Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian										MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene				Villanyian	MN 16	2.58
											Ruscinian	MN 16	3.1 *
												MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene					MN 15	3.6
												MN 14	4.2
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Hemphillian			MN 14	4.7
												MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene				Turolian	MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian										MN 12	7.246
												MN 11	7.75
											Vallesian	MN 10	8.7
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Clarendonian			MN 10	9.4
												MN 9	9.7
												MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Middle Miocene				Astaracian		11.63
				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					Barstovian				12.5
												MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian										MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene				Orleanian	MN 4	15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Hemingfordian			MN 4	16.3
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Hemingfordian			MN 3	16.9
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				Arikareean			MN 3	18.5
											Agenian	MN 2	20
		Aquitanian										MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian										MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4				Late Oligocene						23.03
					Monroecreekian								23.1 *
					Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian		Early Oligocene						27.82
									Whitneyan				29.5
									Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene		Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene		Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene		Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan					Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Late Uintan/Early Uintan					Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene		Bridgerian				47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Wasatchian				50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene		Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene		Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene		Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8										66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7										72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6										83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4										100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4					168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3					174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4					208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					247.2
		Induan						251.2
		Induan						Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Kathwai		251.902
										252.4 *
								Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian						Chhidru		254.14
								Kalabagh		255 *
								Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
										265.3 *
								Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3					Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Gzhelian			Xiaodushanian					300 *
		Kasimovian			Xiaodushanian					303.7
		Kasimovian			Dalaun					305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian								315.2
					Huashibanian					318.5 *
					Lousuan					321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Dewunian					323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Shangsian					330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9	Shangsian
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Late Cambrian	Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10							Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian							Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian							Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Middle Cambrian	St Davids			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			Early Cambrian	Caerfai			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1							529
													538.8