PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of Britain				Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian of the Baltic	Carboniferous Subepochs	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6															0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene											0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene											0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene											0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian														1.4
		Gelasian															MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene										MN 16	2.58
		Piacenzian					Late Pliocene										MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene										MN 15	3.6
																	MN 14	4.2
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian													MN 14	4.7
																	MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene										MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian															MN 12	7.246
																	MN 11	7.75
																	MN 10	8.7
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													MN 10	9.4
																	MN 9	9.7
																	MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Middle Miocene											11.63
				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian														12.5
																	MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian															MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene										MN 4	15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian													MN 4	16.3
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian													MN 3	16.9
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian												MN 3	18.5
																	MN 2	20
		Aquitanian															MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian															MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4				Late Oligocene											23.03
					Monroecreekian													23.1 *
					Geringian													24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian		Early Oligocene											27.82
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene											33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene											37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene											37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan														39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Late Uintan/Early Uintan														41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian														46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene											47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean														50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene											56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene											56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene											59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene											60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene											61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8											Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7											Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6															83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4															100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3															113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2															121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2															125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1															132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4					168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3					174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4					208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					247.2
		Induan						251.2
		Induan						Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Kathwai	251.902
									252.4 *
								Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian						Chhidru	254.14
								Kalabagh	255 *
								Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
								Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3					Amb	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		303.7				Late Pennsylvanian
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	Chotec					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	Daleje/Zlichovian					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Ashgill	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan				Pirgu	445.2
							Cautleyan					448.9 *
							Pusgillian					449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
												Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
										Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
							Cheneyan					Rakvere		451.5 *
							Cheneyan					Oandu		452 *
							Burrellian					Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									Keila	Idavere †	453
											Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
											Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
											Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †				455.2 *
												Kukruse			456.4 *
							Aurelucian								456.8 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Uhaku			458.4
												Lasnamagi			458.9 *
												Aseri			460.4 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Aseri			461.3 *
										Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
												Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
												Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2													467.3
						Arenig	Fennian									468.4 *
												Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian														470
								Latorp †							470.1 *
							Whitlandian								471.1 *
							Whitlandian					Hunneberg			473.7 *
							Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Tremadoc	Migneintian								477.7
							Cressagian								480.8 *
												Varangu			481.3 *
												Pakerort			482.2 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5												485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
																		538.8