PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6						0
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Early Pliocene		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
		Tortonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene		15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4				Late Oligocene		23.03
					Monroecreekian				23.1 *
					Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian		Early Oligocene		27.82
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene		47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8						66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7						72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6						83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4						100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2						121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2						125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1						132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6						145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5						149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4						165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4						168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3						174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1						192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4					208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Artinskian						Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
									538.8