PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous of Western Europe		North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean			Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean			Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan							Irvingtonian			Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan							Irvingtonian			Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian							Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							Hemphillian			Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Clarendonian			Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene	15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							Hemingfordian				16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											Late Oligocene	23.03
					Monroecreekian										23.1 *
					Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian									Early Oligocene	27.82
											Whitneyan				29.5
											Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Chadronian			Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian									Duchesnean			Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian									Duchesnean			Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan							Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							Bridgerian			Early Eocene	47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Wasatchian				50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Clarkforkian			Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Tiffanian			Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Tiffanian			Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1					Torrejonian			Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1					Torrejonian			Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					Puercan			Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6												83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4												100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3												113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2												125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1												132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6												145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5												149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4												165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4												168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3				174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian					Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					Nealian	293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1					Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Mapingian †		Kuzel			298.9
									Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
												Stephanian B	300.9 *
												Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian										Stephanian A	303.7
					Cantabrian							305 *
												305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4									307
					Westphalian				Westphalian D			307.4 *
									Westphalian C			309.8
									Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B			315.2
									Westphalian A			317 *
					Namurian				Yeadonian			318.8 *
									Marsdenian			320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian					321.5 *
				Alportian					322 *
				Chokierian					323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Chokierian					323.2
				Arnsbergian					324 *
				Pendleian					327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Warnantian	Brigantian †				330.9
				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †		485.4
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian				Paibian					494
		Paibian				Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Guzhangian			Wangcunian †		497
		Guzhangian				Guzhangian					Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian				Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Wuliuan/Taijangian						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			Branchian					Duyunian	509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Branchian					Nangaoian	514
		Stage 3				Placentian					Nangaoian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Meishucunian	521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1								Meishucunian	529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1								Jinnigian	530.7
															538.8