PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of Britain		Mesozoic Subages		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Carboniferous of China	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian												0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian												0.129
				Cudahyan/Sappan												0.21
															Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian														0.774
				Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
															Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian													Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian													Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian													Waipipian	3
		Zanclean													Waipipian	3.6
															Opoitian	3.7
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian											Opoitian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian													Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												9.4
														Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													11.63
				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												12.5
															Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian													Lillburnian	13.82
															Clifdenian	15.1
														Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
															Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian													Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian												Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
					Monroecreekian											23.1 *
					Geringian											24.7 *
															Duntroonian	25.2
															Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian														29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian												33.9
														Arnold	Runangan	34.6
															Kaiatan	36.7
																37
		Bartonian														37.71
															Bortonian	39.1
				Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
														Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
															Heretaungan	45.7
				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
		Ypresian														47.8
															Mangaorapan	48.9
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											Mangaorapan	50.5
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											Waipawan	52
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									Teurian	56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1										60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1										61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1							Haumurian
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
									Mangaotanean	90.5
									Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Arowhanan	93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
									Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Late Albian		Motuan	100.5
							Late Albian		Urutawan	103.3
							Middle Albian		Urutawan	106.2 *
							Middle Albian	Taitai	Korangan	108.4
							Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Late Aptian			113
							Late Aptian			117.5
							Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian			139.8
							Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
							Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras	168.2
							Late Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
							Early Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
											Planulata	179.3 *
												Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
							Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
					Kanense						181.3 *
					Carlottense						182.3 *
					Carlottense		Early Toarcian				182.9 *
					Kunae		Early Toarcian				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Kunae		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
					Freboldi						185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras						Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras							Psiloceras	196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4										201.4
		Norian			Sevatian								208.5
					Alaunian								213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Melekhovian	Buntsandstein							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Buntsandstein							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller							259.51
		Wordian				Leine							264.28
		Wordian			Noginskian	Leine							264.9 *
		Roadian	Permian 3										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2										273.01
		Kungurian			Pavlovoposadian								276.8 *
		Artinskian			Pavlovoposadian								283.5
		Artinskian			Rusavkinian								287.6 *
		Sakmarian											290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian				300 *
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian								303.7
					Khamovnikian								304.8
					Krevyakinian				Dalaun				305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Myachkovian								307
					Podolskian								308.9 *
					Kashirian					311.4 *
					Vereian					313.8
					Melekessian					314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian					315.2
					Cheremshanian					316.9 *
					Cheremshanian				Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Prikamian			318.6 *
					Severokeltmian			319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian			Lousuan	321.2 *
					Voznesenian			Lousuan	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Zapaltjubian			Dewunian	323.2
					Protvian				324.4 *
					Steshevian				326.8 *
					Tarusian				329 *
					Tarusian			Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Venevian				330.9
					Mikhailovian				331.9 *
					Aleksinian				333.7 *
					Aleksinian			Jiusian	335 *
					Tulian				335.8 *
					Bobrikian				339.9 *
					Radaevkian				343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kosvian			Tangbagouan	346.7
					Kizelian				350.7 *
					Cherepetian				351.9 *
					Karakubian				354.4 *
					Upinian				356.3 *
					Malevkian				357.6 *
					Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian					445.2		Wufeng †
		Katian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Darriwilian						Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Darriwilian					Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	Yiyangian		470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Xinchangian		477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Xinchangian		Lianghekou †				477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan						485.4
		Stage 10				Festiniogian						489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				Festiniogian						489.5
		Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian						493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	St Davids								497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Caerfai								509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
																538.8