PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 2 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Devonian of France	North American Land Mammal Ages	Mesozoic Subages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean				Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean							0.129
				Cudahyan/Sappan					Irvingtonian							0.21
														Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian														0.774
				Senecan/Rexroadian					Blancan							1.4
														Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
														Waipipian	Villanyian	3
															Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean														3.6
														Opoitian		3.7
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Hemphillian					Opoitian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
															Vallesian	8.7
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Clarendonian							9.4
													Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5												Astaracian	11.63
				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					Barstovian							12.5
														Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian		13.82
														Clifdenian		15.1
													Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian													Orleanian	15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Hemingfordian							16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				Arikareean							18.5
														Otaian		18.7
															Agenian	20
		Aquitanian														20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
					Monroecreekian											23.1 *
					Geringian											24.7 *
														Duntroonian		25.2
														Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
									Whitneyan							29.5
									Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Chadronian							33.9
													Arnold	Runangan		34.6
														Kaiatan		36.7
									Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian														37.71
														Bortonian		39.1
				Late Uintan/Early Uintan					Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
														Heretaungan		45.7
				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian														47.8
														Mangaorapan		48.9
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Wasatchian					Mangaorapan		50.5
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Wasatchian					Waipawan		52
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Clarkforkian					Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Clarkforkian					Teurian		56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
										Mangaotanean	90.5
										Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Arowhanan	93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
										Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4					Late Albian		Motuan	100.5
								Late Albian		Urutawan	103.3
								Middle Albian		Urutawan	106.2 *
								Middle Albian	Taitai	Korangan	108.4
								Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					Late Aptian			113
								Late Aptian			117.5
								Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2					Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian			139.8
								Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
								Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian				174.7
								Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
								Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian			Sevatian			208.5
					Alaunian			213.2 *
					Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian			237
		Ladinian			Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian			242
					Pelsonian			243.8 *
					Bithynian			244.7 *
					Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian			Vokhmian				247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian							251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Srbsko		Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Chotec		Couvinien				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Daleje/Zlichovian						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			Pragian						407.6
		Pragian				Pragian		Coblencien				408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
																538.8