PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Russian Platform		Silurian of the Baltic	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian									Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian									Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan									Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan									Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										Late Oligocene	23.03
					Monroecreekian									23.1 *
					Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian								Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian											Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Early Eocene	47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1							Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1							Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4								Late Albian			100.5
											Middle Albian			106.2 *
											Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2								Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian			139.8
											Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
											Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5								Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian						157.9 *				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian		174.7
							Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
							Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian					Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
		Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian							Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				Kazanian		Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3				Kazanian		Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
							Filipovian		276.5 *
							Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian			Sarginian		283.5
							Irginian		285.9 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian		Shikhanian	293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Late Famennian		358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4				Late Frasnian		372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Late Givetian		382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				Jaani		433.4
		Telychian					Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							Chatfieldian		453
					Turinian					453.7 *
					Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2									467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian				Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Skullrockian				485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4										500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3										509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
														538.8